نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• بابک افشار ¹
• اصغر محمد مرادی ²

¹ پژوهشگر دورۀ دکتری معماری دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران

² استاد تمام دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران

چکیده

در آن حوزه‌ای که امروزه هنر دوران قاجار دانسته می‌شود، یک بخش مهم شامل تجربیات پیچیده‌ای‌ بود که به بازنمایی تصویری شاه و صاحب‌منصبان بستگی داشت. این سلسله از کردارهای معطوف به تصویر در آن روزگار اهمیتی ویژه داشت، اما طی همین زمان تغییرات بنیادینی را نیز از سر گذراند. مسألة این پژوهش فراهم کردن روایتی معتبر از این جنبة فرهنگ بصری در دوران قاجار است، به‌نحوی که پیوندهای سیاسی آن با بستر تاریخی ویژه‌ای که از آن برخاسته نگسلد. به این منظور دو مورد تاریخیِ شاخص از پرتره‌های چاپ سنگیِ عهد ناصری در روزنامه‌ها‌ی رسمی دولت علّیة ایران (1277-1287ق) و شرف (1300-1309ق) مورد بررسی و تفسیر قرار گرفته‌اند: نخست از نظر تحولات تکنیکی درهم‌تنیده‌ در حوزه‌هایی چون نقاشی، عکاسی و چاپ کهزمینه‌ساز ظهور چنین تصاویری بوده‌اند؛ و سپس از نظر معنای سیاسی و اهمیت فرهنگی ویژه‌‌‌ای که آن‌ها را به نقاط چرخشی شاخص در سنت مستقر بازنمایی بصری قدرت از دوران فتحعلی‌شاه تا آن زمان بدل ‌ساختند. بر مبنای چنین روایتی ممکن است فهمی از پرتره‌ها به‌مثابه ظهور و بروز فرآیند چهره‌یابی دولت مدرن در آغاز عصر جدید حاصل شود؛ این فهم شاید گام کوچکی در فراهم آوردن اسباب و مقدمات لازم برای گشودن چشم‌اندازی تاریخی به مناسبات میان هنرها و دولت در ایران معاصر باشد.AbstractWithin the boundaries of what today is known as Qajar art in Iran, complex experiments linked with the mission of visually representing the king and noble ranks was a significant chapter. These particular series of visual experiments were of special importance during the whole era, however, this did not stop them from being subject to fundamental transformations at the same time. This study presents a genuine narrative on this aspect of Qajar visual culture, without breaking its political ties with the historical context from which it has emerged. To that purpose, two historically important set of images from lithographic portraits of Naser al-Din Shah Era in official newspapers of “Dowlat-e Aliyye-ye Iran”(1860-1871) and “Sharaf” (1882-1891) have been investigated and interpreted: First, in relation to codependent technical developments in painting, photography and printing, which laid the ground for the images to be produced at first place and second, from the view point of their very political meaning and cultural importance that makes them a critical turning point in the established tradition of visual representation of power since Fath-Ali Shah Era. Based on this narrative, we may reach an understanding of these portraits as the emerging face of the modern state in Iran at the end of the 19th century; An understanding this might lead, although in small degrees, to an oversight observing the relation between arts and the state in contemporary Iran from a historical point of view.Keywords: Qajar Period, State-building, Visual Culture, Portraits, Painting, Photography, Printing, Newspapers.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• دوران قاجار
• دولت‌سازی
• فرهنگ بصری
• پرتره‌نگاری
• نقاشی
• عکاسی
• چاپ
• روزنامه

عنوان مقاله [English]

Qajar Portraits and the Emerging Face of the State

چکیده [English]

Within the boundaries of what today is known as Qajar art in Iran, complex experiments linked with the mission of visually representing the king and noble ranks was a significant chapter. These particular series of visual experiments were of special importance during the whole era, however, this did not stop them from being subject to fundamental transformations at the same time. This study presents a genuine narrative on this aspect of Qajar visual culture, without breaking its political ties with the historical context from which it has emerged. To that purpose, two historically important set of images from lithographic portraits of Naser al-Din Shah Era in official newspapers of “Dowlat-e Aliyye-ye Iran”(1860-1871) and “Sharaf” (1882-1891) have been investigated and interpreted: First, in relation to codependent technical developments in painting, photography and printing, which laid the ground for the images to be produced at first place and second, from the view point of their very political meaning and cultural importance that makes them a critical turning point in the established tradition of visual representation of power since Fath-Ali Shah Era. Based on this narrative, we may reach an understanding of these portraits as the emerging face of the modern state in Iran at the end of the 19th century; An understanding this might lead, although in small degrees, to an oversight observing the relation between arts and the state in contemporary Iran from a historical point of view.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Qajar Period
• State-building
• Visual Culture
• Portraits
• Painting
• Photography
• Printing
• Newspapers