Shahid Beheshti University Tārīkh-i Īrān 2008-7357 8 1 2015 03 21 The Kachkul of Mir Jamal Al -din Mohammad Husaini Jami and the Reflection of the Twelver Sunnite’s Thoughts in It The Kachkul of Mir Jamal Al -din Mohammad Husaini Jami and the Reflection of the Twelver Sunnite’s Thoughts in It 1 24 95147 FA Journal Article 2016 01 10 One of the most prominent forms of intellectual life among the Sunnites is the one that relates to a group of them who have a joined attention to Orthodox caliphs along with the belief in the Twelve Imams in the circle of their own religious beliefs. The present article studies the reflection of this thought in manuscript miscellanea which is called Kachkul (kashkul) by its writer because of various components and treatises of manuscript miscellanea written by Mir Jamal Al-din Mohammad Husaini Jami: the Hanafite Sufi of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Present study represents the special attention of this mystic writer of manuscript Miscellanea to the texts of Sunnite, particularly in the field of Timurids interests and religious tendencies of The Sunnites of Khurasan and India, admiring the Ahl al-bait and their elegies and his fortune toward the contents of Shiite and Safavid dynasty. Therefore, it can be counted as an example of such a thought and balanced combination of Shiite and Sunnite discourse titled as Twelver Sunnite. One of the most prominent forms of intellectual life among the Sunnites is the one that relates to a group of them who have a joined attention to Orthodox caliphs along with the belief in the Twelve Imams in the circle of their own religious beliefs. The present article studies the reflection of this thought in manuscript miscellanea which is called Kachkul (kashkul) by its writer because of various components and treatises of manuscript miscellanea written by Mir Jamal Al-din Mohammad Husaini Jami: the Hanafite Sufi of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Present study represents the special attention of this mystic writer of manuscript Miscellanea to the texts of Sunnite, particularly in the field of Timurids interests and religious tendencies of The Sunnites of Khurasan and India, admiring the Ahl al-bait and their elegies and his fortune toward the contents of Shiite and Safavid dynasty. Therefore, it can be counted as an example of such a thought and balanced combination of Shiite and Sunnite discourse titled as Twelver Sunnite.

https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95147_d651798bd3df91429d2e3fa21f904321.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Tārīkh-i Īrān 2008-7357 8 1 2015 03 21 Qajar Portraits and the Emerging Face of the State Qajar Portraits and the Emerging Face of the State 25 64 95190 FA Journal Article 2016 01 10 Within the boundaries of what today is known as Qajar art in Iran, complex experiments linked with the mission of visually representing the king and noble ranks was a significant chapter. These particular series of visual experiments were of special importance during the whole era, however, this did not stop them from being subject to fundamental transformations at the same time. This study presents a genuine narrative on this aspect of Qajar visual culture, without breaking its political ties with the historical context from which it has emerged. To that purpose, two historically important set of images from lithographic portraits of Naser al-Din Shah Era in official newspapers of “Dowlat-e Aliyye-ye Iran”(1860-1871) and “Sharaf” (1882-1891) have been investigated and interpreted: First, in relation to codependent technical developments in painting, photography and printing, which laid the ground for the images to be produced at first place and second, from the view point of their very political meaning and cultural importance that makes them a critical turning point in the established tradition of visual representation of power since Fath-Ali Shah Era. Based on this narrative, we may reach an understanding of these portraits as the emerging face of the modern state in Iran at the end of the 19th century; An understanding this might lead, although in small degrees, to an oversight observing the relation between arts and the state in contemporary Iran from a historical point of view. Within the boundaries of what today is known as Qajar art in Iran, complex experiments linked with the mission of visually representing the king and noble ranks was a significant chapter. These particular series of visual experiments were of special importance during the whole era, however, this did not stop them from being subject to fundamental transformations at the same time. This study presents a genuine narrative on this aspect of Qajar visual culture, without breaking its political ties with the historical context from which it has emerged. To that purpose, two historically important set of images from lithographic portraits of Naser al-Din Shah Era in official newspapers of “Dowlat-e Aliyye-ye Iran”(1860-1871) and “Sharaf” (1882-1891) have been investigated and interpreted: First, in relation to codependent technical developments in painting, photography and printing, which laid the ground for the images to be produced at first place and second, from the view point of their very political meaning and cultural importance that makes them a critical turning point in the established tradition of visual representation of power since Fath-Ali Shah Era. Based on this narrative, we may reach an understanding of these portraits as the emerging face of the modern state in Iran at the end of the 19th century; An understanding this might lead, although in small degrees, to an oversight observing the relation between arts and the state in contemporary Iran from a historical point of view.

https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95190_e63f5afa0a0697ce061ef4bf91432fb2.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Tārīkh-i Īrān 2008-7357 8 1 2015 03 21 Tax Exemption and Exempt of Duty for Banī Asad Tribe in Sirjan in the Documents of the Safavid Period Tax Exemption and Exempt of Duty for Banī Asad Tribe in Sirjan in the Documents of the Safavid Period 65 87 95203 FA Journal Article 2016 01 10 Banī Asad tribe won a good reputation among Muslims, especially Shi’a, because some of them buried the martyrs of Karbala after Ashura. Some groups of this tribe came to Iran during the Islamic conquests and settled in some provinces, particularly in parts of eastern Fars, western Kerman, and Birjand. Sirjan and some of its surrounding villages is the main residence of this tribe. Some documents are obtained from Banī Asad tribe in Sirjan, relating to Safavid period, especially Shah Abbas era. According to these documents, Banī Asad were exempt from taxing, by that reason that their great grandparents buried the martyrs of Karbala. They were exempt from paying court taxes or and wealth (Mālojahāt) such as charges, dues, taxes and exempt of duty and servitude. The governors were obligated to perform command of Safavid Shah about this tribe. These documents express some of Safavid social and cultural traditions regarding a respected group, and governmental point of view toward Shi'i symbols in Iran. Nowadays in Sirjan based on the same document, Bani Asad introduce themselves as descendents of their ancestors in the day after 'Ashura. They move convoys and play Ta'ziay (passion play) of burial of Karbala martyrs. The present research consists of two parts. Firstly, the historical evolutions of this tribe will be studied, and secondly, the documents will be examined and studies with explorative method in order to construe the documents. Banī Asad tribe won a good reputation among Muslims, especially Shi’a, because some of them buried the martyrs of Karbala after Ashura. Some groups of this tribe came to Iran during the Islamic conquests and settled in some provinces, particularly in parts of eastern Fars, western Kerman, and Birjand. Sirjan and some of its surrounding villages is the main residence of this tribe. Some documents are obtained from Banī Asad tribe in Sirjan, relating to Safavid period, especially Shah Abbas era. According to these documents, Banī Asad were exempt from taxing, by that reason that their great grandparents buried the martyrs of Karbala. They were exempt from paying court taxes or and wealth (Mālojahāt) such as charges, dues, taxes and exempt of duty and servitude. The governors were obligated to perform command of Safavid Shah about this tribe. These documents express some of Safavid social and cultural traditions regarding a respected group, and governmental point of view toward Shi'i symbols in Iran. Nowadays in Sirjan based on the same document, Bani Asad introduce themselves as descendents of their ancestors in the day after 'Ashura. They move convoys and play Ta'ziay (passion play) of burial of Karbala martyrs. The present research consists of two parts. Firstly, the historical evolutions of this tribe will be studied, and secondly, the documents will be examined and studies with explorative method in order to construe the documents.

https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95203_d7d13ec8efaaba2b642d467a0a994fcd.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Tārīkh-i Īrān 2008-7357 8 1 2015 03 21 Woman and Change in the Everyday Life Based on Women's Newspapers in Qajar Era Woman and Change in the Everyday Life Based on Women's Newspapers in Qajar Era 89 107 95213 FA Journal Article 2016 01 10 The importance of everyday life in social history is based on behavior, orientations, and mental habits of social agents. After the victory of the constitutional movement and the possibility of outbreak of modern discourse, the newcomer women's newspapers tried to classify the mental background and practical methods of this discursive shift, and in the meantime recommended women a new approach to life and women's affairs, in order to be able to go correctly through this discursive shift. The aim of this paper is to identify the path which these newspapers took up in the sphere of women's everyday life through making partial changes with a different approach. This paper, using content analysis method, seeks to explain that the modern discourse which stemmed from the victory of the constitutional movement, in its formation, what impact has had on women's everyday life and to where it has directed them. The result of this research is that these newspapers as modern and pioneer institutions with a shift in women's approach, mind, and behavior in housekeeping and child rearing, tried to intensify women's individual identity in the path to modern discourse and in course of this to show them the way. The importance of everyday life in social history is based on behavior, orientations, and mental habits of social agents. After the victory of the constitutional movement and the possibility of outbreak of modern discourse, the newcomer women's newspapers tried to classify the mental background and practical methods of this discursive shift, and in the meantime recommended women a new approach to life and women's affairs, in order to be able to go correctly through this discursive shift. The aim of this paper is to identify the path which these newspapers took up in the sphere of women's everyday life through making partial changes with a different approach. This paper, using content analysis method, seeks to explain that the modern discourse which stemmed from the victory of the constitutional movement, in its formation, what impact has had on women's everyday life and to where it has directed them. The result of this research is that these newspapers as modern and pioneer institutions with a shift in women's approach, mind, and behavior in housekeeping and child rearing, tried to intensify women's individual identity in the path to modern discourse and in course of this to show them the way.

https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95213_d678bf55e6a4ed0451d775b3a74d48c6.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Tārīkh-i Īrān 2008-7357 8 1 2015 03 21 Reasons behind Instability and Absence of Security during the Ghajarid Period Reasons behind Instability and Absence of Security during the Ghajarid Period 109 142 95164 FA Journal Article 2016 01 10 For a political system, security is one of the instrumental categories which determine the stability of a government, and it is a necessary index of progress in a society. Absence of security can lead to political instability and impermanence. Using different measures, therefore, governments have always tried to prevent the factors challenging the security and peace in their territories. The Ghajarid government suffered from security problems for different reasons. Various factors challenged the social security, and although some of the statesmen took drastic measures to prevent unrest and commotion, permanent stability did not emerge during the period. The present study deals with some of the main causes of social unrest during the Ghajarid period in a descriptive-analytical manner. Findings show that the political structure created the predisposition to unrest and insurrection since it was based on tribal bases of ruling, tribal and ethnic supremacy and the despotic rule of Ghajarid princes in different provinces; and it was the main internal root of instability. For a political system, security is one of the instrumental categories which determine the stability of a government, and it is a necessary index of progress in a society. Absence of security can lead to political instability and impermanence. Using different measures, therefore, governments have always tried to prevent the factors challenging the security and peace in their territories. The Ghajarid government suffered from security problems for different reasons. Various factors challenged the social security, and although some of the statesmen took drastic measures to prevent unrest and commotion, permanent stability did not emerge during the period. The present study deals with some of the main causes of social unrest during the Ghajarid period in a descriptive-analytical manner. Findings show that the political structure created the predisposition to unrest and insurrection since it was based on tribal bases of ruling, tribal and ethnic supremacy and the despotic rule of Ghajarid princes in different provinces; and it was the main internal root of instability.

https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95164_875c5e2efc3b5ad3b9c890aa308bda56.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Tārīkh-i Īrān 2008-7357 8 1 2015 03 21 A Comparative Study of the Attitudes of Iranian Envoys and the Russian Ones on the Eve of the Russian Military Invasion on Transoxiana A Comparative Study of the Attitudes of Iranian Envoys and the Russian Ones on the Eve of the Russian Military Invasion on Transoxiana 143 194 95176 FA Journal Article 2016 01 10 The aim of this survey is to reveal the differences between the traditional political attitudes of Iranian envoys and the modern diplomatic attitudes of Russian ambassadors in Transoxiana region. Bukhara logbook is a report of an Iranian envoy that has been dispatched to Bukhara by Mohammad Shah Qajar. The travelogue of Khorezmis is also a report of Reza Qoli Mirza Khan, envoy of Naseraddin Shah Qajar that has been dispatched to Khiva. Turkistan travel trip report is the report of Pashino who was the secret agent of Russia in Tashkent about his travelling to Transoxiana region; description of Central Asia of Kostenko that was the Russian military official in the region of Transoxiana. Each of the four historical texts belongs to the same historical period, that is, the thirteenth century AH in Transoxiana region, a short while before Russian military domination up to their invasion`s threshold in this region. In this survey the diplomatic attitude of two Iranian agents with two Russian agents has been evaluated according “Comparative” & “Content analysis” methods. The result of this survey expresses that the Russians seek sources, culture, society, religion, policy and customs secularly and they want to have maximum exploitation by all existed facilities and economic interests and through military domination to gain political control of a land while the Iranians were just making effort to keep the king`s magnificence and grandiosity and are just thinking about retaking lost cities and states and release their captives. The aim of this survey is to reveal the differences between the traditional political attitudes of Iranian envoys and the modern diplomatic attitudes of Russian ambassadors in Transoxiana region. Bukhara logbook is a report of an Iranian envoy that has been dispatched to Bukhara by Mohammad Shah Qajar. The travelogue of Khorezmis is also a report of Reza Qoli Mirza Khan, envoy of Naseraddin Shah Qajar that has been dispatched to Khiva. Turkistan travel trip report is the report of Pashino who was the secret agent of Russia in Tashkent about his travelling to Transoxiana region; description of Central Asia of Kostenko that was the Russian military official in the region of Transoxiana. Each of the four historical texts belongs to the same historical period, that is, the thirteenth century AH in Transoxiana region, a short while before Russian military domination up to their invasion`s threshold in this region. In this survey the diplomatic attitude of two Iranian agents with two Russian agents has been evaluated according “Comparative” & “Content analysis” methods. The result of this survey expresses that the Russians seek sources, culture, society, religion, policy and customs secularly and they want to have maximum exploitation by all existed facilities and economic interests and through military domination to gain political control of a land while the Iranians were just making effort to keep the king`s magnificence and grandiosity and are just thinking about retaking lost cities and states and release their captives.

https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95176_64782004a614800c94d4d4e9843aff34.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Tārīkh-i Īrān 2008-7357 8 1 2015 03 21 Fatwa and Its Political Function at Saljuqid Period Fatwa and Its Political Function at Saljuqid Period 195 219 95184 FA Journal Article 2016 01 10 Iranian history—considering its religious structure—has always been linked to a concept called “Fatwa”. Fatwa has been formed as a result of many factors and as a multifunctional issue, and it has been used as an important factor in political discussions and decisions. Fatwa, as a moving social parameter, has created great results in Iranian history. In this regard, the history of Iran in the Saljuqid era, considering the political-social situations, has witnessed many Fatwas in reaching its particular aims. This paper, using an analytic approach while analyzing the issued Fatwas in Iran in this era, claims that Fatwas—in their political function—have been used for removing the opposition groups, as a political removal of other opponents, justification of political-religious actions and also for tribal-religious purposes. On the other side, the Saljuqid’s political control over religion in general and Muftis in particular, will be understandable in this perspective. Among the findings of the present study are patterns of this issue, which are in line with scientific theorization in Iranian history. Iranian history—considering its religious structure—has always been linked to a concept called “Fatwa”. Fatwa has been formed as a result of many factors and as a multifunctional issue, and it has been used as an important factor in political discussions and decisions. Fatwa, as a moving social parameter, has created great results in Iranian history. In this regard, the history of Iran in the Saljuqid era, considering the political-social situations, has witnessed many Fatwas in reaching its particular aims. This paper, using an analytic approach while analyzing the issued Fatwas in Iran in this era, claims that Fatwas—in their political function—have been used for removing the opposition groups, as a political removal of other opponents, justification of political-religious actions and also for tribal-religious purposes. On the other side, the Saljuqid’s political control over religion in general and Muftis in particular, will be understandable in this perspective. Among the findings of the present study are patterns of this issue, which are in line with scientific theorization in Iranian history.

https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95184_35dce29cf91a19ead1de07e2c3616bd1.pdf