Shahid Beheshti UniversityTārīkh-i Īrān2008-73578220150723Architectural Face of the StateArchitectural Face of the State14195221FABabakAfsharIran University of Science and TechnologyGholamhoseinMemarianIran University of Science and Technology0000-0003-1489-6648Journal Article20160530Images and the act of creating them were important matters during Qajar period in Iran, and amongst the visual productions of the era, the subject of buildings and built environment were constantly present. Although Qajar architecture was more leaning towards practice rather than theory and it did not articulate its own methods in any elaborate textual or visual formation, there was a flow of diverse imagery traceable throughout the whole era, focusing more on depicting an envisioned version of the buildings than of their realized one. This study is concerned with presenting a genuine narrative on this aspect of Qajar visual culture, concerning two interdependent reference platforms: first, the general history of Qajar as a context that the contemporary notion of “state” and “nation” in Iran emerges from; and second, the general history of contemporary architecture in Iran as the main pretext to the existence of images as well as a realm within which, ultimately, every historical narrative about them should operate. To that purpose, two historically important sets of images from lithographic illustrations of Naser al-Din Shah Era in official newspapers of “Dowlat-e Aliyye-ye Iran” (18601871) and “Sharaf” (18821891-) have been investigated and interpreted: as a glimpse of the grasp of modern state in its initial stages upon the significance of buildings and built environment which resulted in a major shift in the conception of architecture in that period. Based on this narrative, there can be an understanding of these illustrations as the emerging architectural face of the state in Iran at the end of the 19th century; an understanding that might lead, although in small scale, to an oversight observing the relation between architecture and the state in contemporary Iran from a historical point of view.
Images and the act of creating them were important matters during Qajar period in Iran, and amongst the visual productions of the era, the subject of buildings and built environment were constantly present. Although Qajar architecture was more leaning towards practice rather than theory and it did not articulate its own methods in any elaborate textual or visual formation, there was a flow of diverse imagery traceable throughout the whole era, focusing more on depicting an envisioned version of the buildings than of their realized one. This study is concerned with presenting a genuine narrative on this aspect of Qajar visual culture, concerning two interdependent reference platforms: first, the general history of Qajar as a context that the contemporary notion of “state” and “nation” in Iran emerges from; and second, the general history of contemporary architecture in Iran as the main pretext to the existence of images as well as a realm within which, ultimately, every historical narrative about them should operate. To that purpose, two historically important sets of images from lithographic illustrations of Naser al-Din Shah Era in official newspapers of “Dowlat-e Aliyye-ye Iran” (18601871) and “Sharaf” (18821891-) have been investigated and interpreted: as a glimpse of the grasp of modern state in its initial stages upon the significance of buildings and built environment which resulted in a major shift in the conception of architecture in that period. Based on this narrative, there can be an understanding of these illustrations as the emerging architectural face of the state in Iran at the end of the 19th century; an understanding that might lead, although in small scale, to an oversight observing the relation between architecture and the state in contemporary Iran from a historical point of view.
https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95221_4e3a4523ab685a866b91661e46ab8138.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityTārīkh-i Īrān2008-73578220150723The Political Relations of Atabegs of Azarbaijan and the Abbasid CaliphsThe Political Relations of Atabegs of Azarbaijan and the Abbasid Caliphs438095268FAJournal Article20160530Atabegs of Azarbaijan emerged and gained power with the help of Atabeg Shamsuddin Ildeniz, and by way of using the Atabeg office which existed in the Seljuqid ruling system and also through taking advantage of internal conflicts amongst the Seljuqid princes. Ildeniz dynasty ruled the Iraq Seljuqid territory from 540 to 621 AH under the name of Seljuqid Sultans and made the Atabeg office and government hereditary. The main idea behind this research is to identify the principles governing the relations of Atabegs of Azarbaijan—as the representatives of Seljuqid Monarchy—with the Abbasid Caliphate who, as the spiritual leaders of the Islamic world, were trying to revive the political identity of the Caliphate which was lost during the political chaos in the Seljuqid period. Using a descriptive and analytic approach, the present research focuses on the main references and new studies, and its results show that during Atabegs monarchy the relations of the two aforementioned identities undergone numerous ups and downs, due to different reasons, and in this political relation Abbasid Caliphs used every opportunity to revive the political identity of caliphate in order to dominate over what remained from Iraq of Seljuqids.<br /><br />Atabegs of Azarbaijan emerged and gained power with the help of Atabeg Shamsuddin Ildeniz, and by way of using the Atabeg office which existed in the Seljuqid ruling system and also through taking advantage of internal conflicts amongst the Seljuqid princes. Ildeniz dynasty ruled the Iraq Seljuqid territory from 540 to 621 AH under the name of Seljuqid Sultans and made the Atabeg office and government hereditary. The main idea behind this research is to identify the principles governing the relations of Atabegs of Azarbaijan—as the representatives of Seljuqid Monarchy—with the Abbasid Caliphate who, as the spiritual leaders of the Islamic world, were trying to revive the political identity of the Caliphate which was lost during the political chaos in the Seljuqid period. Using a descriptive and analytic approach, the present research focuses on the main references and new studies, and its results show that during Atabegs monarchy the relations of the two aforementioned identities undergone numerous ups and downs, due to different reasons, and in this political relation Abbasid Caliphs used every opportunity to revive the political identity of caliphate in order to dominate over what remained from Iraq of Seljuqids.<br /><br />https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95268_c5956af75b21f64e2d2bc6d7534ceacf.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityTārīkh-i Īrān2008-73578220150723Collaboration and Professionalism during a Time of Crisis: A Study of a Decree dated Ṣafar 1332/ January 1914 from Āstāne-ye Quds-e RażavīCollaboration and Professionalism during a Time of Crisis: A Study of a Decree dated Ṣafar 1332/ January 1914 from Āstāne-ye Quds-e Rażavī8110295277FAJournal Article20160530Some years after the Constitutional Revolution and the passing of new laws (such as the law of Religious Endowments), the endowments of the Shrine of ImāmʻAlī al-Reża known as Āstāne-ye Quds-e Rażavī were given to the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Endowments (Vezārat-e Maʻāref va Owqāf). Nāṣerol-Molk was still the vice-regent (Nāʼebol-Salṭane) of Aḥmad Shāh when the Russians on 11 Rabīʻ II 1330 /30 March 1912 attacked the Shrine. It is often said that during this period the administration of the country was in a state of turmoil, due to political events. The present article studies a decree issued on Ṣafar 1332/January 1914 by the Archives Section of the Āstāne-ye Quds-e Rażavī. This decree demonstrates that even after the Russian bombardment the Archives Section was working and well-managed. Despite the fact that the Shrine was on the one hand under the supervision of the Shah and on the other, due to the new law, under the supervision of the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Endowments, the regular running of this section remained in the hands of Rażavī, Ḥoseynī, Ṭabātabāʼī and Mūsavī Sayyeds. Even in the worst of conditions, in response to demands of the central Tehran administration, these Sayyeds were able to collaborate to prepare professional documents.<br /><br />Some years after the Constitutional Revolution and the passing of new laws (such as the law of Religious Endowments), the endowments of the Shrine of ImāmʻAlī al-Reża known as Āstāne-ye Quds-e Rażavī were given to the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Endowments (Vezārat-e Maʻāref va Owqāf). Nāṣerol-Molk was still the vice-regent (Nāʼebol-Salṭane) of Aḥmad Shāh when the Russians on 11 Rabīʻ II 1330 /30 March 1912 attacked the Shrine. It is often said that during this period the administration of the country was in a state of turmoil, due to political events. The present article studies a decree issued on Ṣafar 1332/January 1914 by the Archives Section of the Āstāne-ye Quds-e Rażavī. This decree demonstrates that even after the Russian bombardment the Archives Section was working and well-managed. Despite the fact that the Shrine was on the one hand under the supervision of the Shah and on the other, due to the new law, under the supervision of the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Endowments, the regular running of this section remained in the hands of Rażavī, Ḥoseynī, Ṭabātabāʼī and Mūsavī Sayyeds. Even in the worst of conditions, in response to demands of the central Tehran administration, these Sayyeds were able to collaborate to prepare professional documents.<br /><br />https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95277_3dcadae2e93e56c24473b317e8685471.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityTārīkh-i Īrān2008-73578220150723The Impact of Berlin Circle on Nationalist Intellectuals of the Reign of Reza ShahThe Impact of Berlin Circle on Nationalist Intellectuals of the Reign of Reza Shah10312495227FAJournal Article20160530The idea of national unity in Berlin Circle of Intellectuals was created under the influence of Aryan bias in Germany. During the reign of Reza Shah, this idea resulted in the establishment of a vigorous nationalist government which intended to civilize Iranian society. It is very important to study the ideas of Berlin Circle and its effects upon the intellectual movements during the reign of Reza Shah. Berlin Circle as the most important Intellectual circle during the 1st World War, had an strong impact after on inttelectualism by introducing “Iranian” and “Iranian national spirit” concepts. The purpose of this study is to explore reasons and the conditions of such an important impact. Moreover, Berlin Circle and its influence on nationalist intellectuals of the reign of Reza Shah will be illuminated. Therefore, this descriptive-analytic study will firstly examine the influential factors on Berlin circle and then explore the circumstances which led to the emergence of Iranian nationalist intellectualism in the reign of Reza Shah, and conclude that Berlin Circle liberals borrowed Aryan superiority concept from Gobineau's thesis. This thesis was used by Germans to national power concentration and so used by Iranian intellectuals in the reign of Reza shah to provide suitable intellectual setting to develop of an potential national government of Reza shah in Iran. Intellectuals of the reign of Reza shah processed the national unity components and made some of them applicable during that new government. <br /><br />The idea of national unity in Berlin Circle of Intellectuals was created under the influence of Aryan bias in Germany. During the reign of Reza Shah, this idea resulted in the establishment of a vigorous nationalist government which intended to civilize Iranian society. It is very important to study the ideas of Berlin Circle and its effects upon the intellectual movements during the reign of Reza Shah. Berlin Circle as the most important Intellectual circle during the 1st World War, had an strong impact after on inttelectualism by introducing “Iranian” and “Iranian national spirit” concepts. The purpose of this study is to explore reasons and the conditions of such an important impact. Moreover, Berlin Circle and its influence on nationalist intellectuals of the reign of Reza Shah will be illuminated. Therefore, this descriptive-analytic study will firstly examine the influential factors on Berlin circle and then explore the circumstances which led to the emergence of Iranian nationalist intellectualism in the reign of Reza Shah, and conclude that Berlin Circle liberals borrowed Aryan superiority concept from Gobineau's thesis. This thesis was used by Germans to national power concentration and so used by Iranian intellectuals in the reign of Reza shah to provide suitable intellectual setting to develop of an potential national government of Reza shah in Iran. Intellectuals of the reign of Reza shah processed the national unity components and made some of them applicable during that new government. <br /><br />https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95227_095902a91d1fbd8cc43d566fef70b9a4.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityTārīkh-i Īrān2008-73578220150723The Role of Government Policies in Reducing Production and Consumption of Charcoal in Iran during the First and Second Development Programs (1327-1341/1948-1962)The Role of Government Policies in Reducing Production and Consumption of Charcoal in Iran during the First and Second Development Programs (1327-1341/1948-1962)12514495243FAJournal Article20160530Forestry and forest products, as factors in the supply of food, fuel, humanitarian needs and some industrial needs, have played an important role throughout history. One of the uses of forests in Iran has long been for supplying required charcoal for the use of people in cities and villages. <br />That is why a large part of the forests of Central and West and South of Iran, due to indiscriminate exploit, were destroyed. Also the northern forests were destroyed to a considerable degree by the same factor. Therefore, from the beginning of Development Programs in the 13271948/ policies were implemented by the Government to reduce the production and consumption of coal. Thus, in this study, using data obtained from governmental documents, government policies during the first and second seven-year development programs (13271341-) in this field will be explained and we will show that the government policies achieved considerable success both changing the way of coal producing and reducing the production and consumption of alternative fuels, such as oil.<br /><br />Forestry and forest products, as factors in the supply of food, fuel, humanitarian needs and some industrial needs, have played an important role throughout history. One of the uses of forests in Iran has long been for supplying required charcoal for the use of people in cities and villages. <br />That is why a large part of the forests of Central and West and South of Iran, due to indiscriminate exploit, were destroyed. Also the northern forests were destroyed to a considerable degree by the same factor. Therefore, from the beginning of Development Programs in the 13271948/ policies were implemented by the Government to reduce the production and consumption of coal. Thus, in this study, using data obtained from governmental documents, government policies during the first and second seven-year development programs (13271341-) in this field will be explained and we will show that the government policies achieved considerable success both changing the way of coal producing and reducing the production and consumption of alternative fuels, such as oil.<br /><br />https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95243_b79783ced0bcef38c12c4109218dff24.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityTārīkh-i Īrān2008-73578220150723Mirza Moheb’Ali Khan-e Nazem-ol Molk Mrandi Yekanlou: An Unknown Statesman of the Qajar EraMirza Moheb’Ali Khan-e Nazem-ol Molk Mrandi Yekanlou: An Unknown Statesman of the Qajar Era14517295254FAJournal Article20160530From the very last days of the reign of Muhammad Shah Qajar (r. 18341848-) to 18921309/, Mirza Moheb’Ali Khan Nazem-ol Molk, as one of the Foreign ministry officials, takes over the main responsibilities in Iran and Ottoman demarcation for more than fifty years. He began his work as an assistant for Mirza Ja'far Khan Moshirol-Doleh who was the head of Iran and Ottoman border commission. After the death of the latter, he succeeded the position and maintained the office for some decades. Despite decades of practical efforts and writing treatises and taking part in various border commissions to defend the territorial integrity of Iran, He is still, unfortunately, one of the unknown statesmen in the Qajar era. Studies on the lives of influential figures in the contemporary history of Iran, unfortunately, focus on the lives of a few distinguished figures. This study, through use of historical approach and descriptive-analytical method and use of archival documents and manuscripts, particularly those remaining from Moheb’Ali Khan, answers the following questions: Who is Mirza Moheb’Ali Khan? What is his role and function during the five decades of his actively involved in the field of foreign relations? The results of this study shows: He was raised by the tradition of great statesman like Mirza Ja'far Khan Moshir-olDoleh. He was successful for decades in Iran's foreign relations, especially with the Ottoman and British political negotiations for the delimitation of boundaries in the West and North East of the country, with competence all defend the territorial integrity of Iran. Documents left behind him, confirms this issue properly. <br /><br />From the very last days of the reign of Muhammad Shah Qajar (r. 18341848-) to 18921309/, Mirza Moheb’Ali Khan Nazem-ol Molk, as one of the Foreign ministry officials, takes over the main responsibilities in Iran and Ottoman demarcation for more than fifty years. He began his work as an assistant for Mirza Ja'far Khan Moshirol-Doleh who was the head of Iran and Ottoman border commission. After the death of the latter, he succeeded the position and maintained the office for some decades. Despite decades of practical efforts and writing treatises and taking part in various border commissions to defend the territorial integrity of Iran, He is still, unfortunately, one of the unknown statesmen in the Qajar era. Studies on the lives of influential figures in the contemporary history of Iran, unfortunately, focus on the lives of a few distinguished figures. This study, through use of historical approach and descriptive-analytical method and use of archival documents and manuscripts, particularly those remaining from Moheb’Ali Khan, answers the following questions: Who is Mirza Moheb’Ali Khan? What is his role and function during the five decades of his actively involved in the field of foreign relations? The results of this study shows: He was raised by the tradition of great statesman like Mirza Ja'far Khan Moshir-olDoleh. He was successful for decades in Iran's foreign relations, especially with the Ottoman and British political negotiations for the delimitation of boundaries in the West and North East of the country, with competence all defend the territorial integrity of Iran. Documents left behind him, confirms this issue properly. <br /><br />https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95254_f3c5584ec143ec7367dad58cb07b955b.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityTārīkh-i Īrān2008-73578220150723On Ekhvaniyeh of Mastureh to Ronaghe Sanandaji and Its Effect on Explaining the Problems in the Final Pages of Her HistoryOn Ekhvaniyeh of Mastureh to Ronaghe Sanandaji and Its Effect on Explaining the Problems in the Final Pages of Her History17319295263FAJournal Article20160530MahSharaf Khanom-e-Kurdestani, whose pen-name is Mastureh (18051848- A.D), had a high position in literature and history. This is no secret to literati and historians that the viewpoints of Mastureh in the History of Ardalan should be studied because she was both a great historian and a profound historiographer. Mastureh had an excellent eye for discovering the hidden angles of Ardalan History excepting the last leaves of Mastureh history—which was unfinished. Mastureh's forced immigration to Soleimaniyeh in 1847 A.D., losing her big supporter Hossein Gholikhan Ardalan, and the resulting disorders and confusions were all influential in this case. The present article tries to study and criticize the narrator and Ekhvaniyeh of Mastureh narration to her uncle ,RonagheSanandaji, in an external and internal criticism who had completed his unfinished work by writing the residual of history of Mastureh. He tries to revive part of the hidden angles in the last leaves of Mastureh History.. <br /><br />MahSharaf Khanom-e-Kurdestani, whose pen-name is Mastureh (18051848- A.D), had a high position in literature and history. This is no secret to literati and historians that the viewpoints of Mastureh in the History of Ardalan should be studied because she was both a great historian and a profound historiographer. Mastureh had an excellent eye for discovering the hidden angles of Ardalan History excepting the last leaves of Mastureh history—which was unfinished. Mastureh's forced immigration to Soleimaniyeh in 1847 A.D., losing her big supporter Hossein Gholikhan Ardalan, and the resulting disorders and confusions were all influential in this case. The present article tries to study and criticize the narrator and Ekhvaniyeh of Mastureh narration to her uncle ,RonagheSanandaji, in an external and internal criticism who had completed his unfinished work by writing the residual of history of Mastureh. He tries to revive part of the hidden angles in the last leaves of Mastureh History.. <br /><br />https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95263_2e3f6c7461cb7942e49e4e87d806d662.pdf