Shahid Beheshti UniversityTārīkh-i Īrān2008-735712220191122(A study about the ways and manners of Shahsevans settlement in Reza Shah period (1310-1320/1931-1941(A study about the ways and manners of Shahsevans settlement in Reza Shah period (1310-1320/1931-19411209587410.48308/irhj.2019.95874FAShahramYousefifarProfessor, Department of History, Tehran University, Iran.MohammadKeshavarzAssistant Professor, Department of Iranian Studies, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanja0000-0002-4232-4121Mohammad MehdiMoradi KhalajAssociate Professor, Department of History, Shiraz UniversityJournal Article20190417Shahsevan tribe, as one of the greatest tribal unions in the history of Iran, lost a vast proportion of its winter quarters (qeshlaq) during the wars between Iran and Russia, their movement being restricted to Moqan plain (for winter quarters, qeshlaq) and Sabalan hillsides (for summer quarters, yeylaq). Finally, a portion of Shahsevans were forced to settle in Moqan plain in Reza Shah Era. This article, by gathering data to do with Shahsevan tribe from historical references and archives and by using historical method and descriptive-analytic approach, studies the ways and manners of shahsevans' settlement in Moqan plain, arshaq, winter quarters of Sabalan and Areas adjacent to mentioned areas. The results show that giving governmental lands to people and taking guarantee (assurance) from them as well as construction of gendarmerie stations for preventing nomads from rebellion and disobedience, Action to create irrigation channels, besides establishment of settling officers in settled regions, establishment of agricultural schools, burning wandering instruments, Pasture tax elimination and regulating new agricultural laws, were the most important causes of Shahsevans settlement in Moqn plain and its neighbor regions.Shahsevan tribe, as one of the greatest tribal unions in the history of Iran, lost a vast proportion of its winter quarters (qeshlaq) during the wars between Iran and Russia, their movement being restricted to Moqan plain (for winter quarters, qeshlaq) and Sabalan hillsides (for summer quarters, yeylaq). Finally, a portion of Shahsevans were forced to settle in Moqan plain in Reza Shah Era. This article, by gathering data to do with Shahsevan tribe from historical references and archives and by using historical method and descriptive-analytic approach, studies the ways and manners of shahsevans' settlement in Moqan plain, arshaq, winter quarters of Sabalan and Areas adjacent to mentioned areas. The results show that giving governmental lands to people and taking guarantee (assurance) from them as well as construction of gendarmerie stations for preventing nomads from rebellion and disobedience, Action to create irrigation channels, besides establishment of settling officers in settled regions, establishment of agricultural schools, burning wandering instruments, Pasture tax elimination and regulating new agricultural laws, were the most important causes of Shahsevans settlement in Moqn plain and its neighbor regions.https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95874_c1222fe2f8f793f8d0a360d97196da3c.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityTārīkh-i Īrān2008-735712220191122Trying to shift direction of Iranian Trade to eastwards in the 1940s and 1950s.Trying to shift direction of Iranian Trade to eastwards in the 1940s and 1950s.21349590010.48308/irhj.2019.95900FAMaryamSheipariAssistant professor, Department of History, Sistan and Baluchestan University, Iran.Journal Article20190809Purpose: Trade relations between countries are linked to various intra-regional and global political factors. Because the events of the world are influenced by the smallest and most distant decisions made around the world. This is also true of the economic relations of neighboring countries such as Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan in the 1340s, 1350s / 1960s and 1970s. In an era when bipolar world conflict had a profound effect on these areas. Documents show that the Iranian government, after gaining relative political-economic peace at this time, was seeking new approaches to foreign markets and the country's transit routes to the eastern borders. Trade and trade with Europe was not very innovative for Iran and did not help the country's nascent industries. Therefore, plans were made to expand Iran's trade to Pakistan and Afghanistan in the east of the country. <br />Methodology: This study raises the question of what was the Iranian government's plan to redirect the country's trade and transit eastward? Historically he has studied and analyzed the documents of foreign and commercial relations of Iran during these two decades. <br />Findings: Preliminary studies indicate that trade deals with eastern neighbors were primarily focused on the oil issue, but since these countries had a common market with other commodities with Iran. In the later stages, Iran's focus on the transit of goods increased. The reopening and creation of new trade routes that somehow returned to Iran's historic past as a route for east and west trade convoys....Purpose: Trade relations between countries are linked to various intra-regional and global political factors. Because the events of the world are influenced by the smallest and most distant decisions made around the world. This is also true of the economic relations of neighboring countries such as Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan in the 1340s, 1350s / 1960s and 1970s. In an era when bipolar world conflict had a profound effect on these areas. Documents show that the Iranian government, after gaining relative political-economic peace at this time, was seeking new approaches to foreign markets and the country's transit routes to the eastern borders. Trade and trade with Europe was not very innovative for Iran and did not help the country's nascent industries. Therefore, plans were made to expand Iran's trade to Pakistan and Afghanistan in the east of the country. <br />Methodology: This study raises the question of what was the Iranian government's plan to redirect the country's trade and transit eastward? Historically he has studied and analyzed the documents of foreign and commercial relations of Iran during these two decades. <br />Findings: Preliminary studies indicate that trade deals with eastern neighbors were primarily focused on the oil issue, but since these countries had a common market with other commodities with Iran. In the later stages, Iran's focus on the transit of goods increased. The reopening and creation of new trade routes that somehow returned to Iran's historic past as a route for east and west trade convoys....https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95900_6f2918fcd0f193a9e0dcc0337775b148.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityTārīkh-i Īrān2008-735712220191122Analysis in transformation of Sabzevar's commercial position in the late Qajar eraAnalysis in transformation of Sabzevar's commercial position in the late Qajar era35569591710.48308/irhj.2019.95917FAYaqubTabeshAssistant Professor of History, Hakim Sabzevari University, Khorasan Razavi. Iran.0000-0003-0513-0923FatemehAhmadvandAssistant Professor, History and Civilization of Islamic Nations, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, IranJournal Article20190818Sabzevar region has always been a significant place along commercial and cultural highway of Khorasan. Traveling in Sabzevar, in addition to pilgrimage and office purposes, also had a commercial purpose, so that Sabzevar became a major city in the area of domestic and foreign trade in the late Qajar period. The present study seeks to answer the question by using the method of historical research based on the timing of events and the use of causal analysis Why in the late Qajar era, Sabzevar is commercially important? The findings of this research show that the central government's measures and its power have affected the commercial standing of Sabzevar as a non-self-governing city. In the first half of Qajar, the government's look was obedient, so it did not pay close attention to the issue of security and reconstruction of communication infrastructure, which was a necessary precondition for commerce, at the time, the Turkmen's assassination and sabotage of government agents were major barriers to trade in Sabzevar. A few years after Nasser-al-Din Shah's presidency, the central government was somewhat more ambitious and the Russians created security by cracking the Turkmens in Central Asia. The conditions and will of the Russians for the commercial exploitation of the northern regions of Iran provided Preliminaries for the growth of domestic and foreign trade in Sabzevar.Sabzevar region has always been a significant place along commercial and cultural highway of Khorasan. Traveling in Sabzevar, in addition to pilgrimage and office purposes, also had a commercial purpose, so that Sabzevar became a major city in the area of domestic and foreign trade in the late Qajar period. The present study seeks to answer the question by using the method of historical research based on the timing of events and the use of causal analysis Why in the late Qajar era, Sabzevar is commercially important? The findings of this research show that the central government's measures and its power have affected the commercial standing of Sabzevar as a non-self-governing city. In the first half of Qajar, the government's look was obedient, so it did not pay close attention to the issue of security and reconstruction of communication infrastructure, which was a necessary precondition for commerce, at the time, the Turkmen's assassination and sabotage of government agents were major barriers to trade in Sabzevar. A few years after Nasser-al-Din Shah's presidency, the central government was somewhat more ambitious and the Russians created security by cracking the Turkmens in Central Asia. The conditions and will of the Russians for the commercial exploitation of the northern regions of Iran provided Preliminaries for the growth of domestic and foreign trade in Sabzevar.https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95917_587399da3ceeb2310c686b57baff5d14.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityTārīkh-i Īrān2008-735712220191122Stressful Problems in the Relationships between the Aqqoyunlu and the Ottomans in the Period of Uzun Hassan: The Trabzon Empire and the Karaman emirateStressful Problems in the Relationships between the Aqqoyunlu and the Ottomans in the Period of Uzun Hassan: The Trabzon Empire and the Karaman emirate57709593010.48308/irhj.2019.95930FAMasoudShahbaziPh.D. Candidate of the History of the Islamic Iran, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.ValiDinparastAssistant Professor, Department of History, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20190913The process of empowerment of the Aqqoyunlu of Uzun Hassan on the eastern borders of the Ottoman rule, new relations in the region of Anatolia. In the meantime, the location of the Trebizond and the Karaman emirate in the Anatolian region between the Aqqoyunlu and Ottoman governments was of great political and economic importance. The policy of territorial expansion and access to commercial highways and ports by the Aqqoyunlu and Ottomans created a new form of enmity and tension. The main question of the research is: what effect did the Trabzon Empire and the Karaman emirate have on the bilateral relations of the Aqqoyunlu and the Ottomans during the Uzun Hassan era? The results of this study show that Uzun Hassan chose the policy of unity and influence in Anatolian governments to advance his goals in Anatolia and challenge the Ottoman sultan. But due to Aqqoyunlu involvement on several fronts and the weaknesses and inefficiencies of the United States against the Ottomans, Uzun Hassan failed in his hostile relations with Sultan Muhammad Fateh. The purpose of this study is to investigate, analyze and evaluate the position of the Trebizond and the Karaman emirate in the relations of Aqqoyunlu and the Ottomans during the period of uzun Hassan, relying on the historical sources of the Aqqoyunlu and Ottoman period.The process of empowerment of the Aqqoyunlu of Uzun Hassan on the eastern borders of the Ottoman rule, new relations in the region of Anatolia. In the meantime, the location of the Trebizond and the Karaman emirate in the Anatolian region between the Aqqoyunlu and Ottoman governments was of great political and economic importance. The policy of territorial expansion and access to commercial highways and ports by the Aqqoyunlu and Ottomans created a new form of enmity and tension. The main question of the research is: what effect did the Trabzon Empire and the Karaman emirate have on the bilateral relations of the Aqqoyunlu and the Ottomans during the Uzun Hassan era? The results of this study show that Uzun Hassan chose the policy of unity and influence in Anatolian governments to advance his goals in Anatolia and challenge the Ottoman sultan. But due to Aqqoyunlu involvement on several fronts and the weaknesses and inefficiencies of the United States against the Ottomans, Uzun Hassan failed in his hostile relations with Sultan Muhammad Fateh. The purpose of this study is to investigate, analyze and evaluate the position of the Trebizond and the Karaman emirate in the relations of Aqqoyunlu and the Ottomans during the period of uzun Hassan, relying on the historical sources of the Aqqoyunlu and Ottoman period.https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95930_e5e462dbdab8681caf0932a25f529297.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityTārīkh-i Īrān2008-735712220191122Investigating the elements of Japan’s Progress as a Model of Progress as analyzed through the lens of Akhtar NewspaperInvestigating the elements of Japan’s Progress as a Model of Progress as analyzed through the lens of Akhtar Newspaper71909593510.48308/irhj.2019.95935FAMichaelVahidiradDepartment of history, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20191126he Iran-Russia wars and Iranian awareness of the issue of progress made Iranian elites to write booklet as a solution and after them newspapers tried to provide a solution to release Iran from backwardness. As the first newspaper published abroad, Akhtar writers introduced the question of Japan as an advanced Asian country that can be a good model for Iranians and the causes of its progress. Factors such as “ knowledge development”, “the role of the emperor”, “women” and “ relation with the west” are among the concepts that the newspaper stresses on the causes of the country’s progress; therefore, the main question of this study is what essential elements, based on the analysis provided by Akhtar, led to the development of japan? And what was their understanding of this country? The hypothesis is focused on that the authors of the newspaper regard the objective causes of development and ignoring the historical background of the country in educational and social fields. To answer the question, the newspaper has been analyzed to provide documentary evidence on the Akhtar writer’s understanding on the roots of Japan ‘s development.<br /><br />he Iran-Russia wars and Iranian awareness of the issue of progress made Iranian elites to write booklet as a solution and after them newspapers tried to provide a solution to release Iran from backwardness. As the first newspaper published abroad, Akhtar writers introduced the question of Japan as an advanced Asian country that can be a good model for Iranians and the causes of its progress. Factors such as “ knowledge development”, “the role of the emperor”, “women” and “ relation with the west” are among the concepts that the newspaper stresses on the causes of the country’s progress; therefore, the main question of this study is what essential elements, based on the analysis provided by Akhtar, led to the development of japan? And what was their understanding of this country? The hypothesis is focused on that the authors of the newspaper regard the objective causes of development and ignoring the historical background of the country in educational and social fields. To answer the question, the newspaper has been analyzed to provide documentary evidence on the Akhtar writer’s understanding on the roots of Japan ‘s development.<br /><br />https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95935_bf5a83469d91eb3861068108176cf183.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityTārīkh-i Īrān2008-735712220191122Representation of Sheikh Fazlollah Noori's Personality in the Historiography of Islamist Discourse in Islamic Republic EraRepresentation of Sheikh Fazlollah Noori's Personality in the Historiography of Islamist Discourse in Islamic Republic Era911089595410.48308/irhj.2019.95954FAAminArian RadPh.D. Candidate in History of Islamic Revolution, The Research Institute of Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution, Tehran, Iran.0009-0000-8491-7198ََAlirezaMollaiy TavaniAssociate Professor, institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20191203Sheikh Fazlollah Noori was represented as a negative figure in constitutionalism discourse’s historiography that defended the constitution revolution at the beginning but finally his disagreement with two other constitutionalist clergy leaders, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei and Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani lead him to join anti-constitutionalists and advocates of despotism, and accompany Mohammad Ali Shah; the shift that at the one hand encouraged the Shah to murder and suppress constitutionalists, and at the other hand caused Sheikh to be on trial and execute. But during Islamic Republic reign, another representation had been presented against the representation. The research problem is that in the era of Islamic Republic which and why representations of Sheikh Fazlollah Noori personality did replace the noted representation in historiography of constitutionalism discourse? For this problem, Critical Discourse Analysis Method, specially Wodak’s Discourse Historical Approach, is applied. Findings show that in the period of Islamic Republic, influenced by social-political context which characterized as anti-monarchy, anti-West and Gharbzadegi (Westernized), anti-imperialism and anti-intellectual, Sheikh Fazlollah Noori was represented as a great and positive character who was independent, advocate of Velayat-e Faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) and Islamic government, and obviously opposite of monarchy and West-struck-ness, like all clergymen resisted ceaselessly against colonization and despotism, and died a martyr in this way.Sheikh Fazlollah Noori was represented as a negative figure in constitutionalism discourse’s historiography that defended the constitution revolution at the beginning but finally his disagreement with two other constitutionalist clergy leaders, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei and Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani lead him to join anti-constitutionalists and advocates of despotism, and accompany Mohammad Ali Shah; the shift that at the one hand encouraged the Shah to murder and suppress constitutionalists, and at the other hand caused Sheikh to be on trial and execute. But during Islamic Republic reign, another representation had been presented against the representation. The research problem is that in the era of Islamic Republic which and why representations of Sheikh Fazlollah Noori personality did replace the noted representation in historiography of constitutionalism discourse? For this problem, Critical Discourse Analysis Method, specially Wodak’s Discourse Historical Approach, is applied. Findings show that in the period of Islamic Republic, influenced by social-political context which characterized as anti-monarchy, anti-West and Gharbzadegi (Westernized), anti-imperialism and anti-intellectual, Sheikh Fazlollah Noori was represented as a great and positive character who was independent, advocate of Velayat-e Faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) and Islamic government, and obviously opposite of monarchy and West-struck-ness, like all clergymen resisted ceaselessly against colonization and despotism, and died a martyr in this way.https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95954_88531262db96419059fdb161777742db.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityTārīkh-i Īrān2008-735712220191122Analyzing the Instances of Iranian Identity in the History of WassafAnalyzing the Instances of Iranian Identity in the History of Wassaf1091289588710.48308/irhj.2019.95887FAMohammadHajitaghiAssistant Professor, Department of History, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.EbrahimKiani MehrPh.D. Candidate in history, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20191229Iranian identity is a flowing, multifaceted and complicated concept which has been formed over the long history of Iran, being rooted in concepts and sources like, religion, history, land, language, customs, traditions, festivals and Iranshahr (Iranian civilization) thoughts. This authentic concept underwent many changes due to Arab invasion and lack of integrity in the political system of the country although it was reformed in new ways after experiencing short intervals of wane. Invasion of Mongols along with the overthrow of the Abbasid caliphate, caused an unintended revival of Iranian political identity under the ruling of Mongols and provided some Iranian thinkers such as Wassaf-e-Shirazi with an invaluable opportunity to reproduce and reorganize some instances and criteria of Iranian identity including idealistic royal thoughts, justice and Iranian patriotism. This article extracts and analyzes some instances of Iranian identity during Wassaf History using a historical procedure in the form of an analytic-descriptive approach. In so doing, a question and a hypothesis are put forward to be analyzed. The question the article is set to answer is: How has the role of the author in reviving the Iranian identity been reflected in his work regarding his professional status in his time? Hypothesis: Wassaf, who was aware of the components of Iranian identity and had close relationships with the most prominent ministers of the Ilkhanids, as well as using the tendency of converting to Islam by Mongol Ilkhanids from Ghazan Khan, tried to become like his predecessors such as Khwaja Rashid al-Din Fazlallah and Jovini to restore the components of Iranian identity in his work. The findings of the study reveals that Wassaf has introduced concepts and instances of Iranian identity in his work in order to have a significant impact on its preservation, transmission and consolidation in Iranian society.Iranian identity is a flowing, multifaceted and complicated concept which has been formed over the long history of Iran, being rooted in concepts and sources like, religion, history, land, language, customs, traditions, festivals and Iranshahr (Iranian civilization) thoughts. This authentic concept underwent many changes due to Arab invasion and lack of integrity in the political system of the country although it was reformed in new ways after experiencing short intervals of wane. Invasion of Mongols along with the overthrow of the Abbasid caliphate, caused an unintended revival of Iranian political identity under the ruling of Mongols and provided some Iranian thinkers such as Wassaf-e-Shirazi with an invaluable opportunity to reproduce and reorganize some instances and criteria of Iranian identity including idealistic royal thoughts, justice and Iranian patriotism. This article extracts and analyzes some instances of Iranian identity during Wassaf History using a historical procedure in the form of an analytic-descriptive approach. In so doing, a question and a hypothesis are put forward to be analyzed. The question the article is set to answer is: How has the role of the author in reviving the Iranian identity been reflected in his work regarding his professional status in his time? Hypothesis: Wassaf, who was aware of the components of Iranian identity and had close relationships with the most prominent ministers of the Ilkhanids, as well as using the tendency of converting to Islam by Mongol Ilkhanids from Ghazan Khan, tried to become like his predecessors such as Khwaja Rashid al-Din Fazlallah and Jovini to restore the components of Iranian identity in his work. The findings of the study reveals that Wassaf has introduced concepts and instances of Iranian identity in his work in order to have a significant impact on its preservation, transmission and consolidation in Iranian society.https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95887_0ba5ba83db54e6be963744b74a0dd370.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityTārīkh-i Īrān2008-735712220191122Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov: The issue Self and the Other and cultural and social development of IranMirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov: The issue Self and the Other and cultural and social development of Iran1291469589710.48308/irhj.2019.95897FAFatemehKavashiPh.D. Candidate of Persian language and literature, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.AhmadKhatamiProfessor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-0905-7543FarhadTahmasbiAssociate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University Islamshahr Branch, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20200211The “self” and the “other” are socially constructed concepts, and the cultural and historical backgrounds of different nations and the ideologies govern societies, change the nature of these two concepts, their definition, and th relationship type are influential. Iran's confrontation with Western civilization in the Qajar era- the most important cultural phenomenon in Iranian history after its confrontation with Islam, confronted Iranian’s “self” against the European “Other” and the pervasive impact of this confrontation led to widespread changes in the nature of Iranian culture and society, caused the identity of Iranian society unprecedented changes. Talibov, one of the pioneers of modernism in Iran in constitutional era, stablished the basis of revision toward “self” and “other”. Focusing on Talibov's written works, this paper addresses two questions in a descriptive-analytic way: 1- How were “self” and “other” reflected in Talibov's written mirrors, and 2- What was Talibov's role in the social-cultural development in the disturbed society of his era? The research hypothesis is as follow: The lived experience in cultural sphere reinforces the audacity of “self” in accepting the “other”, preserving the identity also guarantees the culture survival and social beliefs. The results show Talibov by emphasis on protecting the Iranian identity, had a transformative role in Iranian cultural and social spheres by depicting "self-Iranian society" and portraying "other-western" superiority in his works, despite trying to shake the traditional Qajar discourse and the dominating power of Western discourse.The “self” and the “other” are socially constructed concepts, and the cultural and historical backgrounds of different nations and the ideologies govern societies, change the nature of these two concepts, their definition, and th relationship type are influential. Iran's confrontation with Western civilization in the Qajar era- the most important cultural phenomenon in Iranian history after its confrontation with Islam, confronted Iranian’s “self” against the European “Other” and the pervasive impact of this confrontation led to widespread changes in the nature of Iranian culture and society, caused the identity of Iranian society unprecedented changes. Talibov, one of the pioneers of modernism in Iran in constitutional era, stablished the basis of revision toward “self” and “other”. Focusing on Talibov's written works, this paper addresses two questions in a descriptive-analytic way: 1- How were “self” and “other” reflected in Talibov's written mirrors, and 2- What was Talibov's role in the social-cultural development in the disturbed society of his era? The research hypothesis is as follow: The lived experience in cultural sphere reinforces the audacity of “self” in accepting the “other”, preserving the identity also guarantees the culture survival and social beliefs. The results show Talibov by emphasis on protecting the Iranian identity, had a transformative role in Iranian cultural and social spheres by depicting "self-Iranian society" and portraying "other-western" superiority in his works, despite trying to shake the traditional Qajar discourse and the dominating power of Western discourse.https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_95897_6ae33162f7cba78bedd12c49b51a66bb.pdf