In the Constitutional era, Gilan—due to the absence of a centralized political structure, its sensitive geopolitical position, and the extreme weakness of the Qajar central government—became an arena of confrontation among multiple power forces and the peasantry. The central problem is the deep gap between the justice-seeking discourse of the Constitutional Movement and the practical persistence of despotic relations, such that despite the change of the political system, the peasantry of Gilan remained under the triple domination of local, national, and transnational powers. The main question is: How did the relations among local khans and landowners, the Qajar central government, and Tsarist Russia lead to the continuation of the exploitation of Gilan's peasantry? The method is historical, with a descriptive-analytical approach based on documentary data, library sources, and content analysis of local and national newspapers. The findings indicate that local khans and rulers, with the indirect support of the weak central government and the active cooperation of Tsarist Russia, continued their traditional exploitation; the Majlis also failed to protect the peasantry due to its structural duality and conservative approach. This three-way interaction led to the consolidation of oppressive structures, the destruction of the subsistence economy, increased labor migration to the Caucasus, growing dependence on foreign markets, and public disillusionment with the Constitutional Movement. This triangular alliance blocked the realization of the rights of Gilan's people and brought about the failure of the Constitutional project in changing the condition of the peasantry. The case study of Gilan shows that without transforming local power structures and liberation from colonial influence, a mere change at the level of central institutions cannot bring about real change in the lives of the rural masses.